Woolly Mammoth Partial Mandible with M2 Molars - Germany

The Woolly Mammoth (Mammuthus primegenius) is an iconic Pleistocene animal. It had long, wooly hair, tusks that extended up to 9 feet, and stood about 12 feet tall. They ranged across the northern hemisphere and were one of the most abundant Pleistocene creatures, ranging from eastern Eurasia throughout most of North America. Their existence overlapped with that of humans: early cave paintings have been discovered depicting these massive mammals, and humans likely hunted them to extinction in some areas.

They are also some of the most studied prehistoric animals in part because many carcasses have bene preserved in the Siberian permafrosts, keeping skin, muscle tissues, and even their distinctive woolly hair intact. Recent genomic sequencing of chromosomal DNA in some of these preserved specimens has revealed that Woolly Mammoths are most closely related to African elephants: their chromosomal DNA is up to 99.5 percent identical.

The gravel deposits along the Rhine River used to produce a large number of Pleistocene fossils while miners quarried for gravel aggregate. They have become much harder to come by in recent years as the quarry operations have become more mechanized, often destroying fossils in the process.